100% 鋁窗的防漏水測試 Water-Tightness Test to Windows

所有鋁窗必須100% 全數進行鋁窗試水 

Water-Tightness Test to Windows

測試方法和程序   

Testing Method and Requirements:

Water-Tightness Test to Window

Time :	After window is glazed, conduct water-tightness test as early as practicable before the scaffolding is removed. (The test can still be feasible after scaffolding is demolished, but it will be more difficult to carry out remedial work if any.)
Method:	a) The water shall be applied using a “1/2” nozzle. The nozzle shall be used with a “3/4” garden hose and shall be provided with a control valve and a pressure gauge between the valve and the nozzle. The water flow to the nozzle shall be adjusted to produce water pressure between 30-35 psi (210-240 KPa).
	b) Working from the exterior, with the window in a closed position. To spray a continuous jet of water at the specified pressure directly onto the window joints, including joints between window frame & concrete surround, between glass & window frame and around openable window sash. The nozzle shall be moved slowly back and forth at 300 mm perpendicular from the joints and at a rate of 2 m per minute.
	c) To start the test from the lowest horizontal joint at the sills, then gradually moving upwards, and lastly the topmost horizontal joint at window head.
	d) During water test, the bottom glazing bead of the side hung/top hung window and fix light must be removed or not installed. Should there be any leakage found, all other 3 glazing beads shall be removed for locating the leaking point and further testing.
	e) Detail testing method and requirements shall be referred to the specification.
Inspection:	l) To observe the whole water-tightness test from the inside of the flat to check for water leakage / seepage, the test is passed if no water leakage occurs. g) If water leakage occurs, identify the location for making good, and then repeat for the test.

鋁窗的防漏水測試 Water-Tightness Test to Grouting

所有鋁窗必須100% 全數進行抆泥試水

Water-Tightness Test to Window Grouting

測試方法和程序   

Testing Method and Requirements:

Test to Window Grouting

Time :	Conduct test as early as practicable before the commencement of external wall rendering. (Curtain wall system, internal windows and aluminium louvres shall be exempted from the testing)
Method :	a) To conduct test after window surround grouting has been completely dried and hardened but before waterproof coating application, normally 3 days after grouting.
	b) To pour a continuous and unpressurized flow of water by garden hose evenly along the entire length of the grouted joints at a rate of 2 m per minute.
	c) To start the test from the lowest horizontal joint at the sills, then upward along window jambs, and lastly the topmost horizontal joint at window head.
	d) Detail testing method and requirements shall be referred to the specification.
Inspection :	e) To observe the inner surface of the grout for any water stain or leakage, the test is passed if no water leakage occurs.
	f) If water leakage occurs, identify the location for making good, and then repeat from step “b” to “e”.
	g) If there is still water leakage after the second test, all grouting has to be hacked off and re-applied for a repeat of the test.
	h) The waterproof coating can be applied onto the outside surface of the grouting only after satisfaction of the test result.

1. 抆泥試水:

1.1 時間: 在做外牆批盪前

1.2 方法:  a) 抆泥後隔3日可安排試水

                 b) 用氣壓水壺, 約以每分鐘2米的速度, 直接將水沿著抆泥位置外層射水;

                 c) 試水由窗底開始, 再往兩邊窗側邊, 由上至下, 最後測試窗頂.

1.3 檢查   d) 檢查抆泥的內面有否漏水或水影, 如沒有滲水, 表示抆泥質素沒問題

                 e) 如有, 紀錄位置, 修補後重複步驟 “b” to “d”.

                 f) 如果經過第二次測試仍然滲水, 便要將所有抆泥凿去, 重新抆泥後再做測試.

                 g)  雙方試水滿意後, 才可以讓分判商將防水油塗上外層表面.

Meaning of Appendix, Annex and Attachment

這三個詞都有“附件，附錄或補充文檔”的意思。

Appendix 和 Annex 在書面檔中出現得比較多，而 Attachment 是我們在使用電子郵件時常用到的一個詞。

Appendix (複數形式- appendices	第一，appendix 通常不是一個獨立的檔，依附主體檔而存在； 第二，appendix 的作者通常和書的作者是同一人。另一個含義是“闌尾”，人體的一個器官。 作為名詞時，有兩個含義，第一個是指“書籍，文章末尾的補充資料集合”，也就是“附錄”的作用是幫助讀者加深對書或檔的理解，比如主體檔的背景資訊、照片、圖紙等等，它是輔助作用，依附主體檔而存在，不是一個完整獨立的檔/不能單獨使用。	Examples: The book has detailed appendices and a glossary. 這本書包括了一個詳細的附錄和詞彙表。 The drawings of the apartment can be found in Appendix 6. 這套公寓的設計圖紙在附錄6中。
Annex	Annex 則是一個完全獨立的檔，沒有主要檔的存在，人們也能看懂。多數是由其他人編寫。 可作為名詞也可作為動詞。當為名詞時，是指“檔的附加內容 an addition to a document”，也就是我們通常所說的“附件”;經常使用在科研報告或商業文件中。作為名詞時還有一個含義是表示“附屬建築物，提供更多的空間”	Examples: The technical report is over 500 pages including the annexes. 這份技術報告包括附件在內超過了500頁。 You can find the latest student enrolment figures in the annex of the report. 你可以在報告的附件中看到關於學生註冊的最新資料。
Attachment

Pro-rata pricing 按比例定价

With respect to the valuation of variations refers to taking into account similarity, character, conditions and quantity of work involved and this can be problematic at times.

工程變更是指考慮到所涉及的工作的相似性，性質，條件和數量。

Where no direct price is available at rates that are based on the bill rates, this is known technique called “Pro rata pricing".

如果沒有相似的直接價格，就會用稱為按比例計算的技巧。

When attempting a pro rata calculation, a known built-up rate is broken down into its constituent parts so that it can be adjusted. If too many of the elements that constitute a rate have to be adjusted then it is better.

在嘗試按比例計算時，將已知的價格分解為其多個組成部分，以便可以對其進行調整。如果必須調整組成部分越多，那麼會更好。

As the contractor is present it may be possible to refer back to the original price build-up and this will make the process easier.

Generally, the Bill rates are composed from the following:

1. Labour勞工

2. Material材料

3. Plant and equipment工廠和設備

4. Profit and overheads利潤及管理費用。

The technique involves disassembling a bill rate and substituting new data in order to calculate a new rate for pricing variations.

該技術涉及拆解價格並替換新數據以計算變化的新價格。

The approach is to analyse the original bill rate as follows:

1. deduct profit and overheads,

2. analyse materials, labour and plant costs,

3. adapt costs (labour/material/plant and equipment) to suit new item, and

4. add back profit and overheads.

四個你未必知道的裝修維修保險知識 4 Insurance Tips of RMAA Works That You Should Know

大至家居裝修，小至更換冷氣，不少市民可能有相同的疑問. 今次與大家看看裝修維修的保險問題。

1.	物業進行裝修/維修工程，應購買甚麼保險？
	裝修維修工程一般涉及兩類保險: -          a. 公眾責任保險(下稱第三者保險) (Third Party Insurance)，除「業主立案法團第三者風險保險」為強制性保險外，其他為自願性保險，保障受保人因疏忽引致第三者(僱員除外)受傷/死亡/財物損失的責任。 -          b. 勞工保險 (Employee’s Insurance)- 工程公司必須為負責施工的僱員購買僱員補償保險，以承擔僱主在《僱員補償條例》及普通法方面的法律責任。
2.	第三者保險是否由業主購買?
	建議業主購買合適的保險如第三者保險。業主可以請負責施工的裝修維修公司，在其第三者保險年保計劃或相關工程的單次保險計劃內，將業主/業主立案法團/物業管理公司加入成為額外被保人(Additional insured)，以加強保障。一般而言，保費會較業主獨立購 買第三者保險便宜。
3.	業主要為進行裝修維修的工人購買勞工保險嗎?
	勞工保險由僱主為僱員購買，若業主希望加強保障，可請裝修維修公司在勞工保險中加入條款，將業主加入成為工程委託人(Principal)，若工程期間因意外或者疏忽而引致訴訟，保險公司會協助處理法律責任及賠償的問題，加強對業主的保障。
4.	怎樣知道裝修維修公司購買的保險是否合適?
	-          開工前記緊要檢查有沒有有效勞保及第三者保險； -          一般室內裝修工程的第三者保險，未必包括搭棚或者外牆的工程，要留意保單涵蓋的工程類別及不保障條款； -          一般而言，裝修工程的第三者保險(保額大約1 to 2千萬)，保費約千餘至數千元不等，涉及棚架工程的保費會較高； -          檢查勞保保單時，要留意保單的投保公司名稱與施工的公司名稱是否相同、保單的有效期，受保僱員人數及工作性質； -          若工程公司從事搭棚等業務，其保單上顯示的工作性質一般會寫上Scaffolding Work (即搭棚)，若只見保險寫上 Clerical Worker (文職)，則該保單只保障該公司辦公室的員工，不包括施工人員: -          業主若對保單內容有疑問，在裝修維修公司同意下，可致電承保的保險公司查詢。

Repair, Maintenance, Alteration and Addition (RMAA)

Source: www.oshc.org.hk

家居裝修 常見消費陷阱

家居裝修陷阱處處，戶主一不留神，易招損失。裝修過程、效果和收費往往不似預期。

消委會2016首8月收到97宗有關裝修工程的投訴，當中52宗涉及服務質素，屬投訴之首；其次為服務延誤(有26宗)，較2015同期增60%。

家居裝修隱藏消費陷阱，戶主於裝修期間被狂加電掣是伎倆之一。

常見的隱藏消費陷阱

	陷阱位	應對方法
1. 稍微增加面積	有裝修公司會將每項裝修面積都稍微增加，令最終裝修費用可相差數百至數千元	戶主應與裝修公司一起量度每項工程的面積尺寸，清楚計算每項價錢
2. 簡化項目內容	部分奸詐裝修公司會修改一些項目說明或面積，簡化項目工序或材料質素，曾有業主在最終報價單上的鞋櫃板料，由原本9mm板被改為3mm	戶主簽訂合同時，必須逐項比較和核對是否跟裝修公司談妥的最後條件一致
3. 擅加電掣位	舉例，電掣每個收費約500元，若「孖蘇位」行內一般當1.5個計，甚至有裝修師傅會當2個計	提醒戶主宜先找獨立裝修公司的水電檢測專業人員評估，再決定是否將水電工程計入裝修清單內
4. 材料偷龍轉鳳	報價單上標明選用的物料，有機會與實際用在裝修工程的物料不同，有師傅會偷龍轉鳳，從物料差價中獲利	戶主應與裝修師傅及設計師一同選購物料，方便日後監工
5. 單一項目報價便宜	由於每名裝修師父擅長項目不同，單一項目報價或較平，但不代表報價總額會較平。	應貨比3家，收集3間公司的報價單，核對當中的項目完全相同後的總額，從中挑選合理的一間
6. 免搭棚換渠、換冷氣	坊間有宣傳單張稱「換渠、換冷氣可免搭棚」，即使要搭棚，只須一名工人	在整個搭棚工序中，最少要有2名工人在場，其中1人為具備10年或以上竹棚架工作經驗的合資格人士，監督工程及在搭棚後簽發「棚紙」，證明棚架處於安全操作狀態，搭棚和簽棚絕不能是同一人
7 . 裝修不用額外買保險	雖然業主與施工人員並沒有僱傭關係，但受傷或死者的工人及親屬有可能循普通法入稟控告業主或物業管理公司疏忽。 不論訴訟結果，業主或物業管理公司都可能要承擔法律開支。另外，若單位發生致命意外，物業隨時淪為凶宅而眨值，令業主蒙受損失。	業主需留意保單涵蓋的工程類別，例如搭棚工程的保單會看到scaffolding（搭棚）的字眼。檢查勞保保單時，要留意投保公司名稱與施工的公司名稱是否相同、保單的有效期，受保僱員人數及工作性質。 業主亦可在勞工保險中加入條款，將業主加入成為受保業主(Principal insured)，若工程期間因意外或者疏忽而引致賠償，保險公司會協助處理法律責任及賠償的問題，加強對業主的保障
8. 追加工程項目	工程開始前，一般合約只列明「所需費用包括翻新更換電線及電掣」，但就沒有列明具體數量及分項的單價。結果完工後，裝修公司往往要求額外加設的電掣費，變相加價	業主與裝修公司簽訂合約時，需核對每項工序細節，如電掣數量及價格，並要求為後加項目得到業主同意及預先報價。
9. 工程延誤	當中涉及裝修質素不符合業主的要求或工程期間的人為疏忽，而需額外增加工程時間。	在擬定合約時，應要求裝修公司詳細列明各工程項目的竣工日期、按工程進度分階段列出應繳付金額、保養條款同項目更改等條款，亦應訂明工期延誤嘅賠償方案。同時，業主須定期前往新居檢查進度，並拍照以作記錄。

Source: https://topick.hket.com/article

De Minimis Principle in construction

It is a legal term which is derived from a Latin expression referring to things that are too minimal or unimportant to be considered太瑣碎或不重要的事物. It is taken from a longer phrase which translates as ‘the law does not concern itself with trifles法律不涉及瑣事’. What this means in practice is that generally the law does not encourage parties to pursue legal action for breaches of rules or agreements where the impact is minimal. In case of Rea v Wellington City Council [2007] NZRMA 449. the Court has detailed explanation ¹.

In a construction, the term 'De Minimis' often arises in relation to Practical Completion. Practical completion is often certified when there are De Minimis (very minor) items 'not affecting beneficial occupancy' that remain incomplete and that can be put right without undue interference or disturbance to occupants, i.e. the client is able to take possession of the works and use them for their intended purpose. However, the legal basis for this is not clear, and unless the contract states otherwise, if the works are not complete, practical completion need not be certified.

Practical Completion means that the works are fully completed to a state to permit the Employer to enter into full beneficial occupation, i.e. no outstanding works remain to be carried out save for very minor items of work being left incomplete on the ' De Minimis ' principle (the law does not concern itself with trifles).

The difficult question is whether the phrase covers the situation where the works are finished (save for very minor items) but there are also a number of apparent defects. In this connection, a potential problem arises due to the wording of the defects clause which provides that the Architect's power to order the remedying of defects during the defects liability period is limited to those defects 'which shall appear' during that period.

Refer to law case in H W Nevill (Sunblest) Ltd v. Wm. Press & Son Ltd (1981) ², the court said that “I think that the word "practically" in clause 15(1) gave the architect a discretion to certify that William Press had fulfilled its obligation under clause 21(1) where very minor de minimis works had not been carried out, but if there were any patent defects in what William Press had done the architect could not have given a certificate of practical completion.” Apparent defects of a very trivial nature can be treated in the same way as outstanding works, being similarly subject to the same 'de minimis' principle.

Some examples of De Minimis works ³ : the works unlikely to affect the structural strength or support functions of a party structure or cause damage to the neighbour’s side of it, such as re-plastering, shallow chasing for electrical wiring or inserting power sockets, and screws to support shelves, kitchen cupboards, and the like.

However, the test for whether an effect is De Minimis is different from, and more stringent than, the test for whether an effect is minor or less than minor.

Reference:

1. http://www.wynnwilliams.co.nz/wynnwilliams/media/Articles/De-Minimis-Principle-rebranded.pdf

2. https://www.hkis.org.hk/ufiles/process03.pdf

3. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/De_minimis_in_construction